ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is responsible for the current worldwide pandemic. Treatment and prophylaxis are still under investigation. Convalescent plasma therapy could be an alternative. We report a case of a 41-year-old patient, at 28 weeks of gestation, was hospitalized with COVID-19. On the 10th day after onset of symptoms, the clinical picture worsened, and she required high-flow oxygen therapy (30L/minute), with 92% oxygen saturation, and chest X-ray showing mild bilateral opacities at lung bases. Blood tests showed D-dimer 1,004ng/mL, C-reactive protein 81mg/L, pro-calcitonin 0.05ng/mL and interleukine-6 42.9pg/mL. The therapy chosen was Tazocin® 12g/day, vancomycin 2g/day, and methylprednisolone 40mg/day. In addition, convalescent plasma therapy was administered (275mL) uneventfully, including SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and neutralizing antibodies >1:160. The patient had a fast recovery. The early administration of convalescent plasma, with high titers of neutralizing antibodies, may be an alternative option for severe COVID-19 during pregnancy, until further studies demonstrate an efficient and safe treatment or prophylaxis.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the distribution of parturients at Hospital Municipal da Vila Santa Catarina Dr. Gilson de Cássia Marques de Carvalho according to the Robson classification, identify the cesarean rate in each Robson Group, and understand which group contributes more to the prevalence of Cesarean sections. Methods This is a retrospective observational cross-sectional study conducted through the analysis of medical records of parturients admitted to Hospital Municipal da Vila Santa Catarina Dr. Gilson de Cássia Marques de Carvalho from October 2016 to August 2019. Results A total of 9,794 births were recorded, and 31% were by Cesarean section. The most prevalent Robson Groups were Group 3 (25.7%-2,519), 1 (22.8%-2,234), and 5 (20.5%-2,006). The relative contribution of Cesarean sections was greatest in Groups 5 (39%), 2 (18%), and 1 (12.5%). Conclusion This study demonstrated the Robson classification is useful to lead to a more critical view, identifying the groups that deserve more attention, since they are the major contributors to cesarean rates; hence, the management protocols could be modified aim to reduce cesarean rates.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a morfologia da linea nigra supra e infraumbilical em puérperas. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado no período de setembro de 2017 a abril de 2018 e incluiu 157 puérperas admitidas para o parto no Serviço de Obstetrícia de uma maternidade pública da cidade de São Paulo (SP). O abdome das pacientes foi fotografado no primeiro ou segundo dia pós-parto, com a paciente deitada simetricamente em decúbito dorsal a uma distância padronizada. O contraste foi ligeiramente ajustado, e o padrão morfológico da linea nigra supra e infraumbilical na proximidade da cicatriz umbilical foi caracterizado. As imagens foram analisadas independentemente por dois pesquisadores, e apenas os resultados concordantes dos dois observadores foram utilizados. Resultados: Dos 157 casos observados, 139 (88,5%) imagens apresentaram resultados concordantes entre os dois pesquisadores. Excluindo 41 casos de ausência ou má definição da linea nigra, 98 imagens foram analisadas. As linea nigra supra e infraumbilicais foram analisadas separadamente e classificadas de acordo com três direções (esquerda, centro e direita da cicatriz umbilical). A combinação das imagens supra e infraumbilicais resultou na formação de nove padrões distintos, sendo os mais prevalentes nas primíparas (72,2%) e multíparas (50,0%), o que os autores denominaram “espiralamento anti-horário da linea nigra”. Conclusão: A análise das linea nigra supra e infraumbilical em puérperas mostrou predominância do que os autores denominaram “sinal do espiralamento anti-horário da linea nigra”.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the morphology of the supra- and infraumbilical linea nigra in puerperal women. Methods: The study was conducted from September 2017 to April 2018, and included 157 puerperal women admitted for childbirth care at the Obstetrics Department of a public maternity hospital of the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The abdomen of subjects was photographed on the first or second day postpartum, with the patient lying symmetrically in dorsal decubitus at a standardized distance. Contrast was slightly adjusted and the morphological pattern of supra and infraumbilical linea nigra in the proximity of the umbilical scar was characterized. The images were independently analyzed by two researchers and only the matching results from both observers were used. Results: Of the 157 observed cases, 139 (88.5%) images provided concordant results between the two researchers. Excluding 41 cases of absence or poor definition of the linea nigra, 98 images were analyzed. Supra- and infraumbilical linea nigra were analyzed separately and classified according to three directions (left, center and right of the umbilical scar). The combination of the supra- and infraumbilical images resulted in the formation of nine distinct patterns, being the most prevalent, in primiparous (72.2%) and multiparous women (50.0%), and the authors named as “anticlockwise spiralization of the linea nigra”. Conclusion: The analysis of supra- and infraumbilical linea nigra in puerperal women showed a predominance of what the authors named “anti-clockwise spiralization of the linea nigra sign”.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the expression of decidual natural killer (dNK) cells and their cytokines in twin pregnancies with preeclampsia. METHODS: This was a prospective case-control study. The inclusion criteria were diamniotic (monochorionic or dichorionic) twin pregnancies in the third trimester with negative serological results for infectious diseases; absence of major fetal abnormalities or twin-twin transfusion syndrome; and no history of administration of corticosteroids in this pregnancy. The control group (CG) included uncomplicated twin pregnancies, and the preeclampsia group (PEG) included twin gestations with clinical and laboratory confirmation of the disease according to well-established criteria. Samples of the decidua were obtained and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of dNK cells and interleukins (ILs) 10, 12 and 15. In addition, maternal serum samples were collected to determine the levels of these interleukins. RESULTS: Thirty twin pregnancies were selected: 20 in the control group (CG) and 10 in the preeclampsia group (PEG). The PEG showed strong placental immunostaining for IL-15 (p=0.001) and high maternal serum levels of IL-10 (22.7 vs. 11.9 pg/mL, p=0.024) and IL-15 (15.9 vs. 7.4 pg/mL, p=0.024). CONCLUSION: A higher maternal serum concentration of both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors was observed in the twin pregnancies in the PEG. However, no difference in placental expression of IL-10 was found between the groups. These findings may suggest that maternal attempts to balance these interleukins were not sufficient to cause a placental response, and this failure may contribute to the development of preeclampsia.

Resumo Estudo retrospectivo, de novembro de 2004 a maio de 2012, na Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, incluindo 92 gestações únicas com diagnóstico pré-natal de trissomia dos cromossomos 21 (T21), 18, 13 (T13/18) e monossomia do X (45X), realizado até a 26a semana, com o objetivo de descrever a frequência e investigar preditores do óbito fetal espontâneo (OF). O diagnóstico (T21: n=36; T13/T18: n=25; 45X: n=31) foi realizado em idade gestacional média de 18,3±3,7 semanas, por biópsia de vilo corial (n=22; 24%), amniocentese (n=66; 72%) e cordocentese (n=4; 4%). Malformação major presente em 45 (49%) fetos e hidropisia em 32 (35%), mais frequente no grupo 45X [n=24/31, 77% vs. T21 (n=6/36, 17%) e T13/18 (n=2/25, 8%); p<0,001]. Ecocardiografia fetal especializada foi realizada em 60% (55/92). Destes, 60% (33/55) tinham alterações na morfologia e/ou na função cardíaca. Fetos com T13/18 apresentaram incidência maior de anomalias cardíacas [60 vs. 25% (T21) e 29% (45X); p=0,01]. Ocorrência de OF em 55 (60%) gestações e mais frequente no grupo 45X [n=26/31, 84% vs. T21 (n=13/36, 36%) e T13/18 (n=16/25, 64%); p<0,01]. Análise stepwise demonstrou associação entre hidropisia e óbito em fetos com T21 (LR=4,29; IC95%=1,9-8,0; p<0,0001). Em fetos com 45X, a presença de alterações ecocardiográficas esteve associada com menor risco de OF (LR=0,56; IC95%=0,27-0,85; p=0,005). Não foram identificados fatores preditores no grupo T13/18. A letalidade intrauterina de fetos aneuploides é elevada. A presença de hidropisia aumenta o risco de OF em gestações com T21. Em gestações com 45X, a ocorrência de alterações ecocardiográficas reduz esse risco.

Summary A retrospective study from November 2004 to May 2012, conducted at the Obstetric Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), which included 92 singleton pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of trisomy of chromosome 21 (T21), 18, 13 (T13/18) and monosomy X (45X), with diagnosis performed until the 26th week of pregnancy. The aim of the study was to describe the frequency and to investigate predictors of spontaneous fetal death (FD). Diagnosis (T21, n=36; T13/18, n=25; 45X, n=31) was made at a mean gestational age of 18.3±3.7 weeks, through chorionic villus biopsy (n=22,24%), amniocentesis (n=66, 72%) and cordocentesis (n=4, 4%). Major malformations were present in 45 (49%); with hydrops in 32 (35%) fetuses, more frequently in 45X [n=24/31, 77% vs. T21 (n=6/36, 17%) and T13/18 (n=2/25, 8%), p<0.001]. Specialized fetal echocardiography was performed in 60% (55/92). Of these, 60% (33/55) showed changes in heart morphology and/or function. Fetuses with T13/18 had a higher incidence of cardiac anomalies [60 vs. 25% (T21) and 29% (45X), p= 0.01]. FD occurred in 55 (60%) gestations, being more frequent in 45X [n=26/31, 84% vs. T21 (n=13/36, 36%) and T13/18 (n=16/25, 64%), p<0.01]. Stepwise analysis showed a correlation between hydrops and death in fetuses with T21 (LR= 4.29; 95CI=1.9-8.0, p<0.0001). In fetuses with 45X, the presence of echocardiographic abnormalities was associated with lower risk of FD (LR= 0.56; 95CI=0.27- 0.85, p=0.005). No predictive factors were identified in the T13/18 group. Intra- uterine lethality of aneuploid fetuses is high. Occurrence of hydrops increases risk of FD in pregnancies with T21. In pregnancies with 45X, the occurrence of echocardiographic changes reduces this risk.

The aim of this study was to compare different fetal growth curves in twin pregnancies with severe placental insufficiency. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 47 twin pregnancies with absent or reverse end diastolic flow in the umbilical artery of one fetus was performed. Pregnancies with major fetal abnormalities, twin-twin transfusion or three or more fetuses were not included. The estimated fetal weight zeta-scores were calculated for both fetuses (abnormal Doppler and co-twin) according to the following criteria: Hadlock, Liao and Araújo. The abdominal circumference zeta-scores were calculated according to Hadlock, Liao, Araújo, Ong and Stirrup. The mean estimates of the zeta-score values were calculated using generalized estimating equation regression analysis. The mean gestational age at inclusion was 27.4±4.7 weeks. The fetal sex and the interaction Doppler findings × criteria correlated significantly with the zeta-score values (p<0.001 for both variables). The estimated fetal weight mean zeta-scores (standard error) according to each criteria were as follows: Hadlock - abnormal Doppler: -2.98 (0.18), co-twin: -1.16 (0.15); Liao - abnormal Doppler: -2.89 (0.24), co-twin: -0.58 (0.19); and Araújo - abnormal Doppler: -3.05 (0.29), co-twin: -0.75 (0.18). Values for abdominal circumference were as follows: Hadlock - abnormal Doppler: -3.14 (0.26), co-twin: -1.13 (0.19); Liao - abnormal Doppler: -2.63 (0.27), co-twin: -0.42 (0.19); Araújo - abnormal Doppler: -2.44 (0.22), co-twin: -0.71 (0.14); Ong - abnormal Doppler: -3.36 (0.34), co-twin: -1.48 (0.23); and Stirrup AD -- -2.36 (0.14), co-twin: -1.18 (0.10). Sex- and plurality-specific charts should be used in the evaluation of fetal growth in twin pregnancies with placental insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE:We aimed to examine maternal postpartum complications of twin deliveries according to mode of delivery and investigate the associated risk factors.METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort review of twin pregnancies with delivery after 26 weeks at a tertiary teaching hospital (1993-2008). The rates of maternal postpartum complications were compared among vaginal, elective cesarean and emergency cesarean deliveries. Significant predictors of complications were investigated with stepwise regression analysis and relative risks were calculated.RESULTS:A total of 90 complications were observed in 56/817 (6.9%) deliveries: 7/131 (5.3%) vaginal, 10/251 (4.0%) elective cesarean and 39/435 (9.0%) emergency cesarean deliveries. Significant predictors included high-risk pregnancy, gestational age at birth and delivery mode. The occurrence of complications was significantly increased in emergency compared to elective cesarean deliveries (RR = 2.34).CONCLUSIONS:Maternal postpartum complications in twin pregnancies are higher in emergency compared to elective cesarean deliveries and are also related to preexisting complications and earlier gestational age at delivery.

Objetivo: Examinar a frequência de peso ao nascer abaixo dos percentis 5 e 10, em gestações únicas com artéria umbilical única isolada (AUUI), de acordo com a presença de complicações maternas. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle. De acordo com a presença de doenças maternas prévias à gestação, ou ocorrência de complicações obstétricas, as gestações foram classificadas em "não complicadas" ou de "alto risco". As frequências de peso ao nascer abaixo dos percentis 5 e 10 foram comparadas entre os subgrupos. Resultados: O peso ao nascer foi significativamente menor em gestações com AUUI (n=134, 2840 ± 701 g) quando comparado com o grupo controle (n= 730, 2983 ± 671 g, p= 0,04; média da diferença=143 g, IC 95% = 17-269). Em gestações de alto risco, peso ao nascer abaixo do 5º percentil foi significativamente mais frequente no subgrupo com AUUI [10/35 (28,6%) versus 53/377 (14,1%), p= 0,04; razão de chances= 2.45 (IC 95% = 1,11- 5,38)]; não foi observada diferença em relação ao peso abaixo do 10º percentil (p= 0,11). Em gestações não complicadas, não foram observadas diferenças na frequência de peso ao nascer abaixo do 5º e 10º percentis entre os subgrupos com AUUI e cordão com 3 vasos (p= 0,21). Conclusão: Em gestações de alto risco, a frequência de peso ao nascer abaixo do percentil 5 é significativamente aumentada.

Objective: To examine birth weight in pregnancies with isolated single umbilical artery (ISUA). Methods: Case control study with retrospective review of 131 singleton pregnancies with isolated single umbilical artery diagnosed before birth. Control group consisted of 730 singleton pregnancies recruited prospectively, that had histological confirmation of a 3 vessels cord. Pregnancies were classified as uncomplicated or high-risk according to the presence of diseases that increase the risk of placental insufficiency during pregnancy. Mean birth weight and frequency of low birth weight (< 2.500 g), very low birth weight (< 1.500 g) and fetal growth restriction below the 5th and 10th centiles were compared between groups. Results: Mean birth weight difference between ISUA (n=131, 2840±701g) and control (n=730, 2.983 ± 671g) pregnancies was 143g (95% CI= 17-269; p=0.04) and birth weight below the 5thcentile was significantly more common in ISUA group [28/131 (21.4%) versus 99/730 (13.6%), p=0.02]. When only uncomplicated pregnancies were considered in both groups, no birth weight differences were observed. Amongst high-risk subgroups, birth weight below the 5th centile remained significantly more common in ISUA compared to control pregnancies [10/35 (28.6%) versus 53/377 (14.1%), p=0.04]. Conclusion: Isolated single umbilical artery does not increase the risk of fetal growth restriction in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência do estado nutricional materno, ganho de peso e consumo energético sobre o crescimento fetal em gestações de alto risco. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de agosto de 2009 a agosto de 2010, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: puérperas até o 5º dia; gestação de alto risco (caracterizada por complicações médicas ou obstétricas durante a gravidez); feto único e vivo no início do trabalho de parto; parto na instituição; peso materno aferido no dia do parto, e presença de intercorrência clínica e/ou obstétrica caracterizando a gravidez como de alto risco. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e no final da gestação, sendo as pacientes classificadas em: baixo peso, adequado, sobrepeso e obesidade. Para avaliação do consumo energético foi aplicado o Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar. Foram investigados o ganho de peso materno, dados do parto e resultados perinatais, investigando-se o crescimento fetal pela ocorrência de neonatos pequenos para a idade gestacional e grandes para a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 374 gestantes que constituíram 3 grupos de estudo, de acordo com a adequação do peso do recém-nascido: idade gestacional adequada (270 casos, 72,2%), pequenos para a idade gestacional (91 casos, 24,3%) e grandes para a idade gestacional (13 casos, 3,5%). Na análise univariada, as mulheres com neonatos pequenos para a idade gestacional apresentaram média significativamente menor do índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional (23,5 kg/m², p<0,001), do índice no final da gestação (27,7 kg/m², p<0,001) e maior proporção de baixo peso materno pelo índice no final da gestação (25,3%, p<0,001). As mulheres com neonatos grandes para a idade gestacional apresentaram média significativamente maior do índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional (29,1 kg/m², p<0,001), do índice no final da gestação (34,3 kg/m², p<0,001) e maior proporção de sobrepeso (30,8%, p=0,02), e obesidade (38,5%, p=0,02) pelo índice pré-gestacional, e obesidade pelo índice no final da gestação (53,8%, p<0,001). Pela análise multivariada, foram identificados como fatores independentes para neonatos pequenos para a idade gestacional o valor do índice de massa corporal no final da gestação (OR=0,9; IC95% 0,8-0,9, p<0,001) e a presença de hipertensão arterial (OR=2,6; IC95% 1,5-4,5, p<0,001); e identificados como fatores independentes para neonatos grandes para a idade gestacional o diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus (OR=20,2; IC95% 5,3-76,8, p<0,001) e a obesidade pelo índice de massa corporal no final da gestação (OR=3,6; IC95% 1,1-11,7, p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: O estado nutricional materno no final da gravidez de alto risco está associado de forma independente ao crescimento fetal, sendo o índice de massa corporal materno no final da gestação um fator protetor para o neonato pequeno para a idade gestacional e a obesidade fator de risco para o neonato grande para a idade gestacional.

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of maternal nutritional status, weight gain and energy consumption on fetal growth in high-risk pregnancies. METHODS: A prospective study from August 2009 to August 2010 with the following inclusion criteria: puerperae up to the 5th postpartum day; high-risk singleton pregnancies (characterized by medical or obstetrical complications during pregnancy); live fetus at labor onset; delivery at the institution; maternal weight measured on the day of delivery, and presence of medical and/or obstetrical complications characterizing pregnancy as high-risk. Nutritional status was assessed by pregestational body mass index and body mass index in late pregnancy, and the patients were classified as: underweight, adequate, overweight and obese. A food frequency questionnaire was applied to evaluate energy consumption. We investigated maternal weight gain, delivery data and perinatal outcomes, as well as fetal growth based on the occurrence of small for gestational age and large for gestational age neonates. RESULTS: We included 374 women who were divided into three study groups according to newborn birth weight: adequate for gestational age (270 cases, 72.2%), small for gestational age (91 cases, 24.3%), and large for gestational age (13 cases, 3.5%). Univaried analysis showed that women with small for gestational age neonates had a significantly lower mean pregestational body mass index (23.5 kg/m², p<0.001), mean index during late pregnancy (27.7 kg/m², p<0.001), and a higher proportion of maternal underweight at the end of pregnancy (25.3%, p<0.001). Women with large for gestational age neonates had a significantly higher mean pregestational body mass index (29.1 kg/m², p<0.001), mean index during late pregnancy (34.3 kg/m², p<0.001), and a higher proportion of overweight (30.8%, p=0.02) and obesity (38.5%, p=0.02) according to pregestational body mass index, and obesity at the end of pregnancy (53.8%, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed the index value during late pregnancy (OR=0.9; CI95% 0.8-0.9, p<0.001) and the presence of hypertension (OR=2.6; 95%CI 1.5-4.5, p<0.001) as independent factors for small for gestational age. Independent predictors of large for gestational age infant were the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR=20.2; 95%CI 5.3-76.8, p<0.001) and obesity according to body mass index during late pregnancy (OR=3.6; 95%CI 1.1-11.7, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The maternal nutritional status at the end of pregnancy in high-risk pregnancies is independently associated with fetal growth, the body mass index during late pregnancy is a protective factor against small for gestational age neonates, and maternal obesity is a risk factor for large for gestational age neonates.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish longitudinal reference ranges for fetal ultrasound biometry measurements and growth parameters in twin pregnancies. METHOD: A total of 200 uncomplicated twin pregnancies before 21 weeks of gestation were recruited for this prospective, longitudinal study. Women who abandoned follow-up, pregnancies with unknown outcomes or pregnancies with complications were excluded. Ultrasound scans were performed every three weeks, and biparietal and occipitofrontal diameters, head and abdominal circumferences, and femur diaphysis length measurements were obtained for each fetus at each visit. Estimated fetal weight, biparietal/occipitofrontal diameter, head circumference/abdominal circumference, and femur diaphysis length/abdominal circumference ratios were also calculated. Multilevel regression analysis was performed on normalized data. RESULTS: A total of 807 ultrasound examinations were performed in 125 twin pregnancies between 14 and 38 weeks of gestation (6.5±1.4 scans/pregnancy). Regression analysis demonstrated significant correlations for all variables with gestational age, namely log of the biparietal diameter (r = 0.98), log of the occipitofrontal diameter (r = 0.98), log of the head circumference (r = 0.99), log of the abdominal circumference (r = 0.98), square root of the femur length (r = 0.99), log of the estimated fetal weight (r = 0.99), biparietal/occipitofrontal ratio (r = -0.11), head/abdomen circumference ratio (r = -0.56), and log of the femur length/abdominal circumference ratio (r = 0.61). Values corresponding to the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles for estimated fetal weight at 28, 32, and 36 weeks, respectively, were as follows: 937, 1,096, 1,284 g; 1,462, 1,720, 2,025 g; and 2,020, 2,399, 2,849 g. CONCLUSION: In twin pregnancies, fetal ultrasound biometry measurements and growth parameters show a significant correlation with gestational age.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da estimativa ultrassonográfica na predição do peso fetal e analisar fatores maternos e/ou fetais que interferem no resultado. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e transversal, que incluiu 106 pacientes, nas quais foram realizadas 212 avaliações pela ultrassonografia, por 2 observadores, no máximo 24 h antes do parto. Foram mensurados os seguintes parâmetros: diâmetro biparietal (DBP), circunferência cefálica (CC), circunferência abdominal (CA) e comprimento do fêmur (CF).O peso fetal foi estimado utilizando-se a fórmula de Hadlock 4 parâmetros, e os resultados foram comparados com o peso no nascimento. Os fatores maternos avaliados foram peso materno, índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e distância entre a pele e o útero na ultrassonografia; e os fatores fetais: apresentação, posição, localização e espessura placentária, peso fetal e índice de líquido amniótico (ILA). RESULTADOS: Foi observada boa correlação entre o peso estimado e o peso no nascimento (R=0,97). Em 79,2% dos casos, a variação do peso fetal estimado, em relação ao peso no nascimento, foi de até 10% e, em 92,4% dos casos, de até 15%. O único fator materno que apresentou correlação positiva com o erro percentual na estimativa do peso fetal foi a distância entre a pele e o útero (R³0,56). A avaliação do peso fetal mostrou correlação negativa com o erro percentual (R=-0,36; p<0,001), com tendência significante em superestimar o peso no grupo abaixo de 1000 g (p<0,05). O ILA mostrou baixa relação negativa com o erro percentual (R=-0,21; p<0,001), sem diferença nos erros percentuais entre os diferentes grupos de ILA (p=0,516). CONCLUSÕES: A estimativa ultrassonográfica do peso fetal apresenta boa acurácia. O erro na estimativa do peso fetal é diretamente proporcional à distância entre a pele e o útero materno e inversamente proporcional ao peso fetal. O volume de líquido amniótico não interferiu significantemente na predição do peso fetal.

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of ultrasound in fetal weight estimation and to evaluate maternal and/or fetal factors that could interfere in the result. METHODS: This was a transverse prospective study, involving 106 patients, with 212 fetal weight evaluations, by two observers, within 24 h to delivery. The following parameters were measured: biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femoral length. Fetal weight was estimated using the Hadlock formula and the results were compared to birth weight. The maternal factors examined were: weight, BMI, and skin to uterus distance measured by ultrasound, and the fetal factors were: presentation, position, placental localization and thickness, fetal weight, and amniotic fluid index (AFI). RESULTS: There was good correlation between estimated fetal weight and birth weight (R=0.97). In 79.2% and in 92.4% of cases the estimated fetal weight was within 10% and 15% of birth weight, respectively. The only maternal factor that presented a positive correlation with percent error in the estimate of fetal weight was the skin to uterus distance (R³0.56). Fetal weight showed negative correlation with percent error (R>-0.36; p<0.001), with a significant tendency to overestimate fetal weight in the group of very low weight - <1000 g (p<0.05). The AFI showed a low negative correlation with percent error (R=-0.21; p<0.001) with no difference between AFI groups (p=0.516). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound presented good accuracy in the estimation of fetal weight. The error of weight estimate was directly proportional to the skin to uterus distance and inversely proportional to fetal weight. AFI did not interfere significantly in the ultrasound prediction of fetal weight.

OBJETIVO: analisar a evolução dos casos de gêmeos unidos do diagnóstico pré-natal ao desfecho após o nascimento. MÉTODOS: análise descritiva, retrospectiva, dos casos de gêmeos unidos diagnosticados por exame ultrassonográfico durante o pré-natal. Foram avaliadas as características maternas, os exames ultrassonográficos e de ecocardiografia fetal do período antenatal, os dados do parto e dos recém-nascidos, bem como os resultados da separação cirúrgica e anatomopatológico. Os gêmeos foram classificados segundo o tipo de união e dados referentes aos aspectos ultrassonográficos, parto, evolução pós-natal e de sobrevida foram analisados. RESULTADOS: quarenta casos de gêmeos unidos foram incluídos no estudo. Observou-se 72,5% de toracópagos, 12,5% de parápagos, 7,5% de onfalo-isquiópagos, 5% de onfalópagos e 2,5% de cefalópagos. A autorização judicial para interrupção da gestação foi solicitada em 58,8% dos casos. Todos os casos em que não se realizou a interrupção judicial da gestação, o parto foi cesárea, em idade gestacional média de 35 semanas. Todos nasceram vivos com mediana do peso de 3.860 g e 88% evoluíram para óbito pós-natal. Dos nascidos vivos, 10% foram submetidos à separação cirúrgica com sobrevida de 60%. A sobrevida geral foi de 7,5% e a pós-natal, de 12%. A avaliação antenatal da letalidade e da possibilidade de separação cirúrgica pós-natal foi precisa. Não foram observadas complicações maternas relacionadas ao parto. CONCLUSÃO: a gemelidade imperfeita apresenta prognóstico sombrio, relacionado, principalmente, às fusões cardíacas complexas presentes na maioria dos toracópagos. Em centros de referência, a avaliação ultrassonográfica e ecocardiográfica antenatal delineia com acurácia o prognóstico de letalidade e de possibilidade de separação cirúrgica pós-natal.

PURPOSE: the aim of this study was to analyze conjoined twins in terms of antenatal, delivery and postnatal aspects. METHODS: a retrospective descriptive analysis of prenatally diagnosed conjoined twins. Prenatal ultrasound and echocardiography, delivery details, postnatal follow-up, surgical separation and post mortem data were reviewed. The twins were classified according to the type of fusion between fetal structures. The following data were analyzed: ultrasound and echocardiographic findings, antenatal lethality and possibility of surgical separation, delivery details and survival rates. RESULTS: forty cases of conjoined twins were included in the study. There were 72.5% cases of thoracophagus, 12.5% of paraphagus, 7.5% of omphalo-ischiophagus, 5.0% of omphalophagus, and 2.5% of cephalophagus. Judicial termination of pregnancy was requested in 58.8% of the cases. Cesarean section was performed in all cases in which pregnancy was not terminated. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35 weeks; all twins were live births with a mean birth weight of 3,860 g and 88% died postnatally. Ten percent of the live borns were submitted to surgical separation with a 60% survival rate. The total survival rate was 7.5% and postnatal survival was 12%. Antenatal evaluation of lethality and possibility of surgical separation were precise. There were no maternal complications related to delivery. CONCLUSION: conjoined twins present a dismal prognosis mainly related to the complex cardiac fusion present in the majority of cases with thoracic sharing. At referring centers, prenatal ultrasound and echocardiographic evaluation accurately delineate fetal prognosis and the possibility of postnatal surgical separation.

OBJETIVO: Descrever casos de gravidez de gêmeos unidos de acordo com a solicitação de autorização judicial para interrupção gravidez. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva das gestações de gêmeos unidos, sem possibilidade de sobrevida extrauterina ou de separação cirúrgica pós-natal, atendidos em um hospital terciário, entre 1998 e 2010. RESULTADOS: Entre 30 casos observados durante o período do estudo, seis (20,0%) casais decidiram continuar com a gravidez, e, em cinco (16,7%) casos, a autorização para interrupção da gestação não foi solicitada devido à idade gestacional avançada (> 25 semanas). A autorização para interromper a gravidez foi solicitada em 19 (63,3%) casos: a permissão foi concedida em 12 (63,2%), indeferida em cinco (26,3%), e não se teve a informação do resultado em dois (10,5%) casos. Nos casos submetidos à interrupção legal da gestação, o parto vaginal foi realizado em 83,3%, e no grupo em que a autorização não foi concedida, a cesárea foi realizada em todos os casos (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A solicitação da autorização judicial para o aborto é uma alternativa na gravidez de gêmeos unidos sem prognóstico de sobrevida pós-natal. Além disso, o sucesso de um parto vaginal pode ser obtido na maioria dos casos antes do terceiro trimestre, reduzindo os riscos à saúde da mulher e o sofrimento do casal.

OBJECTIVE: To describe pregnancies with conjoined twins according to the request for legal termination of pregnancy. METHODS: Retrospective review of pregnancies with conjoined twins, with no possibility of extrauterine survival or postnatal surgical separation, observed at a tertiary teaching hospital, between 1998 and 2010. RESULTS: Amongst 30 cases seen during the study period, six (20.0%) couples decided to continue with the pregnancy, termination of pregnancy was not requested due to advanced gestational age (> 25weeks) in 5 cases (16.7%). Legal authorization to terminate the pregnancy was requested in 19 (63.3%) cases: permission was granted in 12 (63.2%), denied in five (26.3%) and information was missing in two (10.5%) cases. A successful vaginal delivery was performed in 83.3% of the cases undergoing termination of pregnancy and a cesarean section was performed in all the remaining cases (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In pregnancies with conjoined twins and without fetal prognosis, legal termination of the pregnancy is an alternative. Moreover, a successful vaginal delivery can be performed in most cases before the third trimester, further reducing maternal risks and parental suffering.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado perinatal nas gestações gemelares com partos em hospital universitário segundo a corionicidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 289 gestações gemelares com partos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2006. Os dados maternos e fetais foram obtidos através dos livros de parto e dos prontuários da instituição. A corionicidade foi determinada pela ultrassonografia ou pelo exame anatomopatológico. RESULTADOS: A incidência de gestação gemelar foi de 3,4% sendo 96,6% naturalmente concebidas. Dos 578 conceptos, 60,5% eram de gestações dicoriônicas (DC), 30,8% monocoriônicas diamnióticas (MCDA), 6,6% monocoriônicas monoamnióticas (MCMA) e em 2,1% a corionicidade era desconhecida. A idade gestacional (IG) média do parto foi de 34,6 semanas (DP= 3,9) e o peso médio ao nascimento foi de 2.031g (DP= 693). Nas gestações DC a IG média foi de 35,4 semanas (DP=3,5); MCDA foi de 33,6 (DP=3,9) e nas MCMA foi de 32,9 (DP= 4,5), sendo estatisticamente significativo. O peso médio ao nascer foi 2.171g, 1.832g e 1.760g, respectivamente, para as gestações DC, MCDC e MCMA. A proporção de fetos com IG no parto abaixo de 34 semanas nas gestações DC foi de 21,7% enquanto nas MCDA foi de 39,3% e nas MCMA foi de 42,1%. A frequência de fetos abaixo do percentil 10 para gêmeos foi 15,7% DC, 22,5% MCDA e 26,3% nas MCMA. As malformações fetais foram observadas em 21,3% das monocoriônicas e em 7,4% nas dicoriônicas. O período de hospitalização foi menor nas dicorionicas quando comparadas com as MCDA e MCMA (17,1; 17,3 e 23,3 dias, respectivamente). A porcentagem de alta hospitalar de ambos os recém-nascidos com vida foi maior nas gestações DC (85,7%) do que nas gestações MC (61,1%), porém quando excluídas as complicações (malformações fetais e a síndrome da transfusão feto-fetal) a sobrevida de ambos os recém-nascidos nas MC foi de 80%. CONCLUSÃO: A idade gestacional do parto, o peso ao nascimento e a restrição do crescimento fetal são significativamente menores nas gestações monocoriônicas. A chance de o casal levar para casa dois filhos vivos é semelhante nas gestações dicoriônicas e nas monocoriônicas na ausência de complicações. Porém, na presença de malformações e da síndrome da transfusão feto-fetal, esta chance se reduz para 60%, sendo pior nas monocoriônica monoamnóticas.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies delivered in a tertiary teaching hospital according to chorionicity. METHODS: A retrospective study involving 289 twin pregnancies delivered from January 2003 to December 2006 was carried out. Maternal and perinatal data were obtained from hospital charts and delivery logs. Chorionicity was determined by ultrasonography or histopathological study. RESULTS: Incidence of twin gestations was 3.4% and 96.4% were spontaneously conceived. 60.5% were dichorionic (DC), 30.8% of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA), 6.6% monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) and for 2.1% chorionicity was unknown. The mean gestation age at delivery was respectively 35.4, 33.6, 32.9 for DC, MCDA and MCMA. The mean birth weight was 2.171, 1.832 and 1.760 g respectively for DC, MC and MCMA. The proportion of fetuses delivered with less than 34 weeks in DC was of 21.7%, while in MCDA it was of 39.3% and in MCMA of 42.1%. Birth weight below the 10th centile occurred in 15.7% for DC, 22.5% for MCDA and 26.3% in MCMA. Congenital anomalies were observed in 21.3% in monochorionic and in 7.4% in the dichorionic. Lenght of hospital stay was shorter for DC when compared to MCDA and MCMA twins (13.1, 17.3 and 23.3 days, respectively). The proportion of twin pregnancies with both babies discharged alive were 85.7% in DC and 61.1% in MC. CONCLUSION: The rate of preterm deliveries and low birth weight is higher in monochorionic pregnancies when compared to dichorionic twins. However, when adjusted for complications such as fetal abnormalities and twin-twin transfusion syndrome, double survival rates were similar in the two groups.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da avaliação da vitalidade fetal de gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux, verificando as complicações maternas e os resultados perinatais. MÉTODOS: No período de julho de 2001 a setembro de 2009, foram analisados, retrospectivamente, dados de prontuário de pacientes com gestação após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux, acompanhadas em pré-natal especializado e cujo parto foi realizado na instituição. Foram analisados os exames de avaliação da vitalidade fetal (cardiotocografia, perfil biofísico fetal e dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais) realizada na semana anterior ao parto. As variáveis maternas investigadas foram: dados demográficos, complicações clínicas maternas, tipo de parto, complicações no parto e pós-parto, exames hematimétricos maternos e resultados perinatais. RESULTADOS: Trinta gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux foram identificadas e 24 delas foram submetidas à avaliação da vitalidade fetal. Todas as pacientes apresentaram resultados normais na cardiotocografia, no perfil biofísico fetal e na dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais. Houve um caso de oligohidrâmnio. A principal complicação observada foi anemia materna (Hb < 11,0 g/dL, 86,7%). A cesárea foi realizada em 21 pacientes (70%). As complicações do parto incluíram um caso de aderências, um de hematoma e infecção de parede e um de histerectomia pós-parto por miomatose e atonia uterina. A proporção de recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional foi de 23,3%. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve comprometimento do bem-estar fetal em gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux. A principal complicação materna foi a anemia e essas mulheres requerem aconselhamento nutricional específico com ampla avaliação das deficiências de micronutrientes desde o início da gravidez.

OBJECTIVE: To study fetal vitality assessed in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass'and verify maternal complications and perinatal results. METHODS: Hospital charts of all pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were reviewed retrospectively. All cases followed at the specialized prenatal care that gave birth in this institution, between July 2001 and September 2009, were reviewed. The assessment of fetal vitality (cardiotocography, fetal biophysical profile and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry) performed in the last week before delivery were analyzed. The maternal variables investigated were: demographic data, maternal complications, mode of delivery, complications during delivery and postpartum, maternal blood exams and perinatal results. RESULTS: During the study period 30 pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were identified and 24 of them had undergone assessment of fetal vitality. All patients presented normal cardiotocography, normal fetal biophysical profile and normal results at the umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. One case presented with oligohydramnios. The main complication observed was maternal anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL, 86.7%). Cesarean section was performed in 21 pregnancies (70%). Delivery complications included one case of adherences, one hematoma and infection of abdominal wall scar and one postpartum hysterectomy for myoma and uterine atony. The proportion of small infants for gestational age was 23.3%. CONCLUSION: Fetal vitality was not compromised in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The main maternal complication was anemia, therefore these women require specific nutritional counseling and a broad evaluation for micronutrient deficiencies at early pregnancy.